Signing HTTP Messages

Message integrity and authenticity are important security properties that are critical to the secure operation of many HTTP applications. Application developers typically rely on the transport layer to provide these properties, by operating their application over . However, TLS only guarantees these properties over a single TLS connection, and the path between client and application may be composed of multiple independent TLS connections (for example, if the application is hosted behind a TLS-terminating gateway or if the client is behind a TLS Inspection appliance). In such cases, TLS cannot guarantee end-to-end message integrity or authenticity between the client and application. Additionally, some operating environments present obstacles that make it impractical to use TLS, or to use features necessary to provide message authenticity. Furthermore, some applications require the binding of an application-level key to the HTTP message, separate from any TLS certificates in use. Consequently, while TLS can meet message integrity and authenticity needs for many HTTP-based applications, it is not a universal solution. This document defines a mechanism for providing end-to-end integrity and authenticity for content within an HTTP message. The mechanism allows applications to create digital signatures or message authentication codes (MACs) over only that content within the message that is meaningful and appropriate for the application. Strict canonicalization rules ensure that the verifier can verify the signature even if the message has been transformed in any of the many ways permitted by HTTP. The mechanism described in this document consists of three parts: A common nomenclature and canonicalization rule set for the different protocol elements and other content within HTTP messages. Algorithms for generating and verifying signatures over HTTP message content using this nomenclature and rule set. A mechanism for attaching a signature and related metadata to an HTTP message.

HTTP permits and sometimes requires intermediaries to transform messages in a variety of ways. This may result in a recipient receiving a message that is not bitwise equivalent to the message that was oringally sent. In such a case, the recipient will be unable to verify a signature over the raw bytes of the sender's HTTP message, as verifying digital signatures or MACs requires both signer and verifier to have the exact same signed content. Since the raw bytes of the message cannot be relied upon as signed content, the signer and verifier must derive the signed content from their respective versions of the message, via a mechanism that is resilient to safe changes that do not alter the meaning of the message. For a variety of reasons, it is impractical to strictly define what constitutes a safe change versus an unsafe one. Applications use HTTP in a wide variety of ways, and may disagree on whether a particular piece of information in a message (e.g., the body, or the Date header field) is relevant. Thus a general purpose solution must provide signers with some degree of control over which message content is signed. HTTP applications may be running in environments that do not provide complete access to or control over HTTP messages (such as a web browser's JavaScript environment), or may be using libraries that abstract away the details of the protocol (such as the Java HTTPClient library). These applications need to be able to generate and verify signatures despite incomplete knowledge of the HTTP message.

As mentioned earlier, HTTP explicitly permits and in some cases requires implementations to transform messages in a variety of ways. Implementations are required to tolerate many of these transformations. What follows is a non-normative and non-exhaustive list of transformations that may occur under HTTP, provided as context: Re-ordering of header fields with different header field names (). Combination of header fields with the same field name (). Removal of header fields listed in the Connection header field (). Addition of header fields that indicate control options (). Addition or removal of a transfer coding (). Addition of header fields such as Via () and Forwarded ().

Based on the definition of HTTP and the requirements described above, we can identify certain types of transformations that should not prevent signature verification, even when performed on content covered by the signature. The following list describes those transformations: Combination of header fields with the same field name. Reordering of header fields with different names. Conversion between different versions of the HTTP protocol (e.g., HTTP/1.x to HTTP/2, or vice-versa). Changes in casing (e.g., "Origin" to "origin") of any case-insensitive content such as header field names, request URI scheme, or host. Addition or removal of leading or trailing whitespace to a header field value. Addition or removal of obs-folds. Changes to the request-target and Host header field that when applied together do not result in a change to the message's effective request URI, as defined in . Additionally, all changes to content not covered by the signature are considered safe.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. The terms "HTTP message", "HTTP request", "HTTP response", absolute-form, absolute-path, "effective request URI", "gateway", "header field", "intermediary", request-target, "sender", and "recipient" are used as defined in . The term "method" is to be interpreted as defined in . For brevity, the term "signature" on its own is used in this document to refer to both digital signatures and keyed MACs. Similarly, the verb "sign" refers to the generation of either a digital signature or keyed MAC over a given input string. The qualified term "digital signature" refers specifically to the output of an asymmetric cryptographic signing operation. In addition to those listed above, this document uses the following terms: An Integer String optionally concatenated with a period "." followed by a second Integer String, representing a positive real number expressed in base 10. The first Integer String represents the integral portion of the number, while the optional second Integer String represents the fractional portion of the number. (( Editor's note: There's got to be a definition for this that we can reference. )) A US-ASCII string of one or more digits "0-9", representing a positive integer in base 10. (( Editor's note: There's got to be a definition for this that we can reference. )) The entity that is generating or has generated an HTTP Message Signature. An entity that is verifying or has verified an HTTP Message Signature against an HTTP Message. Note that an HTTP Message Signature may be verified multiple times, potentially by different entities. This document contains non-normative examples of partial and complete HTTP messages. To improve readability, header fields may be split into multiple lines, using the obs-fold syntax. This syntax is deprecated in , and senders MUST NOT generate messages that include it.

In order to allow signers and verifiers to establish which content is covered by a signature, this document defines content identifiers for signature metadata and discrete pieces of message content that may be covered by an HTTP Message Signature. Some content within HTTP messages may undergo transformations that change the bitwise value without altering meaning of the content (for example, the merging together of header fields with the same name). Message content must therefore be canonicalized before it is signed, to ensure that a signature can be verified despite such innocuous transformations. This document defines rules for each content identifier that transform the identifier's associated content into such a canonical form. The following sections define content identifiers, their associated content, and their canonicalization rules.

An HTTP header field is identified by its header field name. While HTTP header field names are case-insensitive, implementations MUST use lowercased field names (e.g., content-type, date, etag) when using them as content identifiers. An HTTP header field value is canonicalized as follows: Create an ordered list of the field values of each instance of the header field in the message, in the order that they occur (or will occur) in the message. Strip leading and trailing whitespace from each item in the list. Concatenate the list items together, with a comma "," and space " " between each item. The resulting string is the canonicalized value.

This section contains non-normative examples of canonicalized values for header fields, given the following example HTTP message:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: www.example.com Date: Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT X-OWS-Header: Leading and trailing whitespace. X-Obs-Fold-Header: Obsolete line folding. X-Empty-Header: Cache-Control: max-age=60 Cache-Control: must-revalidate The following table shows example canonicalized values for header fields, given that message: Header Field Canonicalized Value cache-control max-age=60, must-revalidate date Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT server www.example.com x-empty-header x-obs-fold-header Obsolete line folding. x-ows-header Leading and trailing whitespace.

An individual member in the value of a Dictionary Structured Field is identified by the lowercased field name, followed by a semicolon ":", followed by the member name. An individual member in the value of a Dictionary Structured Field is canonicalized by applying the serialization algorithm described in Section 4.1.2 of on a Dictionary containing only that member.

This section contains non-normative examples of canonicalized values for Dictionary Structured Field Members given the following example header field, whose value is assumed to be a Dictionary:

X-Dictionary: a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a, b, c) The following table shows example canonicalized values for different content identifiers, given that field: Content Identifier Canonicalized Value x-dictionary:a 1 x-dictionary:b 2;x=1;y=2 x-dictionary:c (a, b, c)

A prefix of a List Structured Field consisting of the first N members in the field's value (where N is an integer greater than 0 and less than or equal to the number of members in the List) is identified by the lowercased field name, followed by a semicolon ":", followed by N expressed as an Integer String. A list prefix is canonicalized by applying the serialization algorithm described in Section 4.1.1 of on a List containing only the first N members as specified in the list prefix, in the order they appear in the original List.

This section contains non-normative examples of canonicalized values for list prefixes given the following example header fields, whose values are assumed to be Dictionaries:

X-List-A: (a, b, c, d, e, f) X-List-B: () The following table shows example canonicalized values for different content identifiers, given those fields: Content Identifier Canonicalized Value x-list-a:0 () x-list-a:1 (a) x-list-a:3 (a, b, c) x-list-a:6 (a, b, c, d, e, f) x-list-b:0 ()

The signature's Creation Time () is identified by the *created identifier. Its canonicalized value is an Integer String containing the signature's Creation Time expressed as the number of seconds since the Epoch, as defined in Section 4.16 of . The use of seconds since the Epoch to canonicalize a timestamp simplifies processing and avoids timezone management required by specifications such as .

The signature's Expiration Time () is identified by the *expires identifier. Its canonicalized value is a Decimal String containing the signature's Expiration Time expressed as the number of seconds since the Epoch, as defined in Section 4.16 of .

The request target endpoint, consisting of the request method and the path and query of the effective request URI, is identified by the *request-target identifier. Its value is canonicalized as follows: Take the lowercased HTTP method of the message. Append a space " ". Append the path and query of the request target of the message, formatted according to the rules defined for the :path pseudo-header in . The resulting string is the canonicalized value.

The following table contains non-normative example HTTP messages and their canonicalized *request-target values. Non-normative examples of *request-target canonicalization.

HTTP Message	*request-target
POST /?param=value HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com	`post /?param=value`
POST /a/b HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com	`post /a/b`
GET http://www.example.com/a/ HTTP/1.1	`get /a/`
GET http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1	`get /`
CONNECT server.example.com:80 HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com	`connect /`
OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com	`options *`

An HTTP Message Signature is a signature over a string generated from a subset of the content in an HTTP message and metadata about the signature itself. When successfully verified against an HTTP message, it provides cryptographic proof that with respect to the subset of content that was signed, the message is semantically equivalent to the message for which the signature was generated.

HTTP Message Signatures have metadata properties that provide information regarding the signature's generation and/or verification. The following metadata properties are defined: An HTTP Signature Algorithm defined in the HTTP Signature Algorithms Registry defined in this document. It describes the signing and verification algorithms for the signature. A timestamp representing the point in time that the signature was generated. Sub-second precision is not supported. A signature's Creation Time MAY be undefined, indicating that it is unknown. An ordered list of content identifiers (Section 2) that indicates the metadata and message content that is covered by the signature. The order of identifiers in this list affects signature generation and verification, and therefore MUST be preserved. A timestamp representing the point in time at which the signature expires. An expired signature always fails verification. A signature's Expiration Time MAY be undefined, indicating that the signature does not expire. The key material required to verify the signature.

In order to create a signature, a signer completes the following process: Choose key material and algorithm, and set metadata properties Create the Signature Input Sign the Signature Input The following sections describe each of these steps in detail.

The signer chooses an HTTP Signature Algorithm from those registered in the HTTP Signature Algorithms Registry defined by this document, and sets the signature's Algorithm property to that value. The signer MUST NOT choose an algorithm marked "Deprecated". The mechanism by which the signer chooses an algorithm is out of scope for this document. The signer chooses key material to use for signing and verification, and sets the signature's Verification Key Material property to the key material required for verification. The signer MUST choose key material that is appropriate for the signature's Algorithm, and that conforms to any requirements defined by the Algorithm, such as key size or format. The mechanism by which the signer chooses key material is out of scope for this document. The signer sets the signature's Creation Time property to the current time. The signer sets the signature's Expiration Time property to the time at which the signature is to expire, or to undefined if the signature will not expire. The signer creates an ordered list of content identifiers representing the message content and signature metadata to be covered by the signature, and assigns this list as the signature's Covered Content. Each identifier MUST be one of those defined in Section 2. This list MUST NOT be empty, as this would result in creating a signature over the empty string. If the signature's Algorithm name does not start with rsa, hmac, or ecdsa, signers SHOULD include *created and *request-target in the list. If the signature's Algorithm starts with rsa, hmac, or ecdsa, signers SHOULD include date and *request-target in the list. Further guidance on what to include in this list and in what order is out of scope for this document. However, the list order is significant and once established for a given signature it MUST be preserved for that signature. For example, given the following HTTP message:

GET /foo HTTP/1.1 Host: example.org Date: Sat, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT X-Example: Example header with some whitespace. X-EmptyHeader: X-Dictionary: a=1, b=2 X-List: (a, b, c, d) Cache-Control: max-age=60 Cache-Control: must-revalidate The following table presents a non-normative example of metadata values that a signer may choose: Property Value Algorithm hs2019 Covered Content *request-target, *created, host, date, cache-contol, x-emptyheader, x-example, x-dictionary:b, x-dictionary:a, x-list:3 Creation Time 1402174295 Expiration Time 1402174595 Verification Key Material The public key provided in and identified by the keyId value "test-key-a".

The Signature Input is a US-ASCII string containing the content that will be signed. To create it, the signer concatenates together entries for each identifier in the signature's Covered Content in the order it occurs in the list, with each entry separated by a newline "\n". An identifier's entry is a US-ASCII string consisting of the lowercased identifier followed with a colon ":", a space " ", and the identifier's canonicalized value (described below). If Covered Content contains *created and the signature's Creation Time is undefined or the signature's Algorithm name starts with rsa, hmac, or ecdsa an implementation MUST produce an error. If Covered Content contains *expires and the signature does not have an Expiration Time or the signature's Algorithm name starts with rsa, hmac, or ecdsa an implementation MUST produce an error. If Covered Content contains an identifier for a header field that is not present or malformed in the message, the implementation MUST produce an error. If Covered Content contains an identifier for a Dictionary member that references a header field that is not present, is malformed in the message, or is not a Dictionary Structured Field, the implementation MUST produce an error. If the header field value does not contain the specified member, the implementation MUST produce an error. If Covered Content contains an identifier for a List Prefix that references a header field that is not present, is malformed in the message, or is not a List Structured Field, the implementation MUST produce an error. If the header field value contains fewer than the specified number of members, the implementation MUST produce an error. For the non-normative example Signature metadata in , the corresponding Signature Input is:

*request-target: get /foo *created: 1402170695 host: example.org date: Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT cache-control: max-age=60, must-revalidate x-emptyheader: x-example: Example header with some whitespace. x-dictionary: b=2 x-dictionary: a=1 x-list: (a, b, c)

The signer signs the Signature Input using the signing algorithm described by the signature's Algorithm property, and the key material chosen by the signer. The signer then encodes the result of that operation as a base 64-encoded string . This string is the signature value. For the non-normative example Signature metadata in and Signature Input in , the corresponding signature value is:

K2qGT5srn2OGbOIDzQ6kYT+ruaycnDAAUpKv+ePFfD0RAxn/1BUeZx/Kdrq32DrfakQ6b PsvB9aqZqognNT6be4olHROIkeV879RrsrObury8L9SCEibeoHyqU/yCjphSmEdd7WD+z rchK57quskKwRefy2iEC5S2uAH0EPyOZKWlvbKmKu5q4CaB8X/I5/+HLZLGvDiezqi6/7 p2Gngf5hwZ0lSdy39vyNMaaAT0tKo6nuVw0S1MVg1Q7MpWYZs0soHjttq0uLIA3DIbQfL iIvK6/l0BdWTU7+2uQj7lBkQAsFZHoA96ZZgFquQrXRlmYOh+Hx5D9fJkXcXe5tmAg==

In order to verify a signature, a verifier MUST: Examine the signature's metadata to confirm that the signature meets the requirements described in this document, as well as any additional requirements defined by the application such as which header fields or other content are required to be covered by the signature. Use the received HTTP message and the signature's metadata to recreate the Signature Input, using the process described in . Use the signature's Algorithm and Verification Key Material with the recreated Signing Input to verify the signature value. A signature with a Creation Time that is in the future or an Expiration Time that is in the past MUST NOT be processed. The verifier MUST ensure that a signature's Algorithm is appropriate for the key material the verifier will use to verify the signature. If the Algorithm is not appropriate for the key material (for example, if it is the wrong size, or in the wrong format), the signature MUST NOT be processed.

The verification requirements specified in this document are intended as a baseline set of restrictions that are generally applicable to all use cases. Applications using HTTP Message Signatures MAY impose requirements above and beyond those specified by this document, as appropriate for their use case. Some non-normative examples of additional requirements an application might define are: Requiring a specific set of header fields to be signed (e.g., Authorization, Digest). Enforcing a maximum signature age. Prohibiting the use of certain algorithms, or mandating the use of an algorithm. Requiring keys to be of a certain size (e.g., 2048 bits vs. 1024 bits). Application-specific requirements are expected and encouraged. When an application defines additional requirements, it MUST enforce them during the signature verification process, and signature verification MUST fail if the signature does not conform to the application's requirements. Applications MUST enforce the requirements defined in this document. Regardless of use case, applications MUST NOT accept signatures that do not conform to these requirements.

Message signatures can be included within an HTTP message via the Signature-Input and Signature HTTP header fields, both defined within this specification. The Signature HTTP header field contains signature values, while the Signature-Input HTTP header field identifies the Covered Content and metadata that describe how each signature was generated.

The Signature-Input HTTP header field is a Dictionary Structured Header containing the metadata for zero or more message signatures generated from content within the HTTP message. Each member describes a single message signature. The member's name is an identifier that uniquely identifies the message signature within the context of the HTTP message. The member's value is the message signature's Covered Content, expressed as a List of Tokens. Further signature metadata is expressed in parameters on the member value, as described below.

The parameters on each Signature-Input member value contain metadata about the signature. Each parameter name MUST be a parameter name registered in the IANA HTTP Signatures Metadata Parameters Registry defined in of this document. This document defines the following parameters, and registers them as the initial contents of the registry: RECOMMENDED. The alg parameter is a Token containing the name of the signature's Algorithm, as registered in the HTTP Signature Algorithms Registry defined by this document. Verifiers MUST determine the signature's Algorithm from the keyId parameter rather than from alg. If alg is provided and differs from or is incompatible with the algorithm or key material identified by keyId (for example, alg has a value of rsa-sha256 but keyId identifies an EdDSA key), then implementations MUST produce an error. RECOMMENDED. The created parameter is a Decimal containing the signature's Creation Time, expressed as the canonicalized value of the *created content identifier, as defined in Section 2. If not specified, the signature's Creation Time is undefined. This parameter is useful when signers are not capable of controlling the Date HTTP Header such as when operating in certain web browser environments. OPTIONAL. The expires parameter is a Decimal containing the signature's Expiration Time, expressed as the canonicalized value of the *expires content identifier, as defined in Section 2. If the signature does not have an Expiration Time, this parameter MUST be omitted. If not specified, the signature's Expiration Time is undefined. REQUIRED. The keyId parameter is a String whose value can be used by a verifier to identify and/or obtain the signature's Verification Key Material. Further format and semantics of this value are out of scope for this document.

The Signature HTTP header field is a Dictionary Structured Header containing zero or more message signatures generated from content within the HTTP message. Each member's name is a signature identifier that is present as a member name in the Signature-Input Structured Header within the HTTP message. Each member's value is a Byte Sequence containing the signature value for the message signature identified by the member name. Any member in the Signature HTTP header field that does not have a corresponding member in the HTTP message's Signature-Input HTTP header field MUST be ignored.

The following is a non-normative example of Signature-Input and Signature HTTP header fields representing the signature in :

Signature-Input: sig1=(*request-target, *created, host, date, cache-control, x-empty-header, x-example); keyId="test-key-a"; alg=hs2019; created=1402170695; expires=1402170995 Signature: sig1=:K2qGT5srn2OGbOIDzQ6kYT+ruaycnDAAUpKv+ePFfD0RAxn/1BUe Zx/Kdrq32DrfakQ6bPsvB9aqZqognNT6be4olHROIkeV879RrsrObury8L9SCEibe oHyqU/yCjphSmEdd7WD+zrchK57quskKwRefy2iEC5S2uAH0EPyOZKWlvbKmKu5q4 CaB8X/I5/+HLZLGvDiezqi6/7p2Gngf5hwZ0lSdy39vyNMaaAT0tKo6nuVw0S1MVg 1Q7MpWYZs0soHjttq0uLIA3DIbQfLiIvK6/l0BdWTU7+2uQj7lBkQAsFZHoA96ZZg FquQrXRlmYOh+Hx5D9fJkXcXe5tmAg==: Since Signature-Input and Signature are both defined as Dictionary Structured Headers, they can be used to easily include multiple signatures within the same HTTP message. For example, a signer may include multiple signatures signing the same content with different keys and/or algorithms to support verifiers with different capabilities, or a reverse proxy may include information about the client in header fields when forwarding the request to a service host, and may also include a signature over those fields and the client's signature. The following is a non-normative example of header fields a reverse proxy might add to a forwarded request that contains the signature in the above example:

X-Forwarded-For: 192.0.2.123 Signature-Input: reverse_proxy_sig=(*created, host, date, signature:sig1, x-forwarded-for); keyId="test-key-a"; alg=hs2019; created=1402170695; expires=1402170695.25 Signature: reverse_proxy_sig=:ON3HsnvuoTlX41xfcGWaOEVo1M3bJDRBOp0Pc/O jAOWKQn0VMY0SvMMWXS7xG+xYVa152rRVAo6nMV7FS3rv0rR5MzXL8FCQ2A35DCEN LOhEgj/S1IstEAEFsKmE9Bs7McBsCtJwQ3hMqdtFenkDffSoHOZOInkTYGafkoy78 l1VZvmb3Y4yf7McJwAvk2R3gwKRWiiRCw448Nt7JTWzhvEwbh7bN2swc/v3NJbg/w JYyYVbelZx4IywuZnYFxgPl/qvqbAjeEVvaLKLgSMr11y+uzxCHoMnDUnTYhMrmOT 4O8lBLfRFOcoJPKBdoKg9U0a96U2mUug1bFOozEVYFg==:

This document defines HTTP Signature Algorithms, for which IANA is asked to create and maintain a new registry titled "HTTP Signature Algorithms". Initial values for this registry are given in . Future assignments and modifications to existing assignment are to be made through the Expert Review registration policy and shall follow the template presented in .

An identifier for the HTTP Signature Algorithm. The name MUST be an ASCII string consisting only of lower-case characters ("a" - "z"), digits ("0" - "9"), and hyphens ("-"), and SHOULD NOT exceed 20 characters in length. The identifier MUST be unique within the context of the registry. A brief text description of the status of the algorithm. The description MUST begin with one of "Active" or "Deprecated", and MAY provide further context or explanation as to the reason for the status. A description of the algorithm used to sign the signing string when generating an HTTP Message Signature, or instructions on how to determine that algorithm. When the description specifies an algorithm, it MUST include a reference to the document or documents that define the algorithm.

(( MS: The references in this section are problematic as many of the specifications that they refer to are too implementation specific, rather than just pointing to the proper signature and hashing specifications. A better approach might be just specifying the signature and hashing function specifications, leaving implementers to connect the dots (which are not that hard to connect). ))

hs2019 active Derived from metadata associated with keyId. Recommend support for: RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 HMAC using SHA-512 ECDSA using curve P-256 DSS and SHA-512 Ed25519ph, Ed25519ctx, and Ed25519

rsa-sha1 Deprecated; SHA-1 not secure. RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using SHA-1

rsa-sha256 Deprecated; specifying signature algorithm enables attack vector. RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using SHA-256

hmac-sha256 Deprecated; specifying signature algorithm enables attack vector. HMAC using SHA-256

ecdsa-sha256 Deprecated; specifying signature algorithm enables attack vector. ECDSA using curve P-256 DSS and SHA-256

This document defines the Signature-Input Structured Header, whose member values may have parameters containing metadata about a message signature. IANA is asked to create and maintain a new registry titled "HTTP Signature Metadata Parameters" to record and maintain the set of parameters defined for use with member values in the Signature-Input Structured Header. Initial values for this registry are given in . Future assignments and modifications to existing assignments are to be made through the Expert Review registration policy and shall follow the template presented in .

The table below contains the initial contents of the HTTP Signature Metadata Parameters Registry. Each row in the table represents a distinct entry in the registry. Name Status Reference(s) alg Active of this document created Active of this document expires Active of this document keyId Active of this document

(( TODO: need to dive deeper on this section; not sure how much of what's referenced below is actually applicable, or if it covers everything we need to worry about. )) (( TODO: Should provide some recommendations on how to determine what content needs to be signed for a given use case. )) There are a number of security considerations to take into account when implementing or utilizing this specification. A thorough security analysis of this protocol, including its strengths and weaknesses, can be found in .

HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication Digital Signature Standard (DSS) The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition Structured Field Vaues for HTTP Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2) Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF) Forwarded HTTP Extension PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2 Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) Security Considerations for HTTP Signatures The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 Instance Digests in HTTP

This section provides cryptographic keys that are referenced in example signatures throughout this document. These keys MUST NOT be used for any purpose other than testing.

The following key is a 2048-bit RSA public and private key pair:

The table below maps example keyId values to associated algorithms and/or keys. These are example mappings that are valid only within the context of examples in examples within this and future documents that reference this section. Unless otherwise specified, within the context of examples it should be assumed that the signer and verifier understand these keyId mappings. These keyId values are not reserved, and deployments are free to use them, with these associations or others. keyId Algorithm Verification Key test-key-a hs2019, using RSASSA-PSS and SHA-512 The public key specified in test-key-b rsa-sha256 The public key specified in

This section provides non-normative examples that may be used as test cases to validate implementation correctness. These examples are based on the following HTTP message:

POST /foo?param=value&pet=dog HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Date: Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT Content-Type: application/json Digest: SHA-256=X48E9qOokqqrvdts8nOJRJN3OWDUoyWxBf7kbu9DBPE= Content-Length: 18 {"hello": "world"}

This presents metadata for a Signature using hs2019, over minimum recommended data to sign: Property Value Algorithm hs2019, using RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 Covered Content *created, *request-target Creation Time 8:51:35 PM GMT, June 7th, 2014 Expiration Time Undefined Verification Key Material The public key specified in . The Signature Input is:

*created: 1402170695 *request-target: post /foo?param=value&pet=dog The signature value is:

QaVaWYfF2da6tG66Xtd0GrVFChJ0fOWUe/C6kaYESPiYYwnMH9egOgyKqgLLY9NQJFk7b QY834sHEUwjS5ByEBaO3QNwIvqEY1qAAU/2MX14tc9Yn7ELBnaaNHaHkV3xVO9KIuLT7V 6e4OUuGb1axfbXpMgPEql6CEFrn6K95CLuuKP5/gOEcBtmJp5L58gN4VvZrk2OVA6U971 YiEDNuDa4CwMcQMvcGssbc/L3OULTUffD/1VcPtdGImP2uvVQntpT8b2lBeBpfh8MuaV2 vtzidyBYFtAUoYhRWO8+ntqA1q2OK4LMjM2XgDScSVWvGdVd459A0wI9lRlnPap3zg== A possible Signature-Input and Signature header containing this signature is:

Signature-Input: sig1=(*created, *request-target); keyId="test-key-a"; created=1402170695 Signature: sig1=:QaVaWYfF2da6tG66Xtd0GrVFChJ0fOWUe/C6kaYESPiYYwnMH9eg OgyKqgLLY9NQJFk7bQY834sHEUwjS5ByEBaO3QNwIvqEY1qAAU/2MX14tc9Yn7ELB naaNHaHkV3xVO9KIuLT7V6e4OUuGb1axfbXpMgPEql6CEFrn6K95CLuuKP5/gOEcB tmJp5L58gN4VvZrk2OVA6U971YiEDNuDa4CwMcQMvcGssbc/L3OULTUffD/1VcPtd GImP2uvVQntpT8b2lBeBpfh8MuaV2vtzidyBYFtAUoYhRWO8+ntqA1q2OK4LMjM2X gDScSVWvGdVd459A0wI9lRlnPap3zg==:

This presents metadata for a Signature using hs2019 that covers all header fields in the request: Property Value Algorithm hs2019, using RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 Covered Content *created, *request-target, host, date, content-type, digest, content-length Creation Time 8:51:35 PM GMT, June 7th, 2014 Expiration Time Undefined Verification Key Material The public key specified in . The Signature Input is:

*created: 1402170695 *request-target: post /foo?param=value&pet=dog host: example.com date: Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT content-type: application/json digest: SHA-256=X48E9qOokqqrvdts8nOJRJN3OWDUoyWxBf7kbu9DBPE= content-length: 18 The signature value is:

B24UG4FaiE2kSXBNKV4DA91J+mElAhS3mncrgyteAye1GKMpmzt8jkHNjoudtqw3GngGY 3n0mmwjdfn1eA6nAjgeHwl0WXced5tONcCPNzLswqPOiobGeA5y4WE8iBveel30OKYVel 0lZ1OnXOmN5TIEIIPo9LrE+LzZis6A0HA1FRMtKgKGhT3N965pkqfhKbq/V48kpJKT8+c Zs0TOn4HFMG+OIy6c9ofSBrXD68yxP6QYTz6xH0GMWawLyPLYR52j3I05fK1ylAb6K0ox PxzQ5nwrLD+mUVPZ9rDs1En6fmOX9xfkZTblG/5D+s1fHHs9dDXCOVkT5dLS8DjdIA== A possible Signature-Input and Signature header containing this signature is:

Signature-Input: sig1=(*request-target, *created, host, date, content-type, digest, content-length); keyId="test-key-a"; alg=hs2019; created=1402170695 Signature: sig1=:B24UG4FaiE2kSXBNKV4DA91J+mElAhS3mncrgyteAye1GKMpmzt8 jkHNjoudtqw3GngGY3n0mmwjdfn1eA6nAjgeHwl0WXced5tONcCPNzLswqPOiobGe A5y4WE8iBveel30OKYVel0lZ1OnXOmN5TIEIIPo9LrE+LzZis6A0HA1FRMtKgKGhT 3N965pkqfhKbq/V48kpJKT8+cZs0TOn4HFMG+OIy6c9ofSBrXD68yxP6QYTz6xH0G MWawLyPLYR52j3I05fK1ylAb6K0oxPxzQ5nwrLD+mUVPZ9rDs1En6fmOX9xfkZTbl G/5D+s1fHHs9dDXCOVkT5dLS8DjdIA==:

This presents a Signature-Input and Signature header containing only the minimal required parameters:

Signature-Input: sig1=(); keyId="test-key-a"; created=1402170695 Signature: sig1=:cxieW5ZKV9R9A70+Ua1A/1FCvVayuE6Z77wDGNVFSiluSzR9TYFV vwUjeU6CTYUdbOByGMCee5q1eWWUOM8BIH04Si6VndEHjQVdHqshAtNJk2Quzs6WC 2DkV0vysOhBSvFZuLZvtCmXRQfYGTGhZqGwq/AAmFbt5WNLQtDrEe0ErveEKBfaz+ IJ35zhaj+dun71YZ82b/CRfO6fSSt8VXeJuvdqUuVPWqjgJD4n9mgZpZFGBaDdPiw pfbVZHzcHrumFJeFHWXH64a+c5GN+TWlP8NPg2zFdEc/joMymBiRelq236WGm5VvV 9a22RW2/yLmaU/uwf9v40yGR/I1NRA==: The corresponding signature metadata derived from this header field is: Property Value Algorithm hs2019, using RSASSA-PSS using SHA-256 Covered Content *created Creation Time 8:51:35 PM GMT, June 7th, 2014 Expiration Time Undefined Verification Key Material The public key specified in . The corresponding Signature Input is:

*created: 1402170695

This presents a Signature-Input and Signature header containing only the minimal required and recommended parameters:

Signature-Input: sig1=(); alg=hs2019; keyId="test-key-a"; created=1402170695 Signature: sig1=:cxieW5ZKV9R9A70+Ua1A/1FCvVayuE6Z77wDGNVFSiluSzR9TYFV vwUjeU6CTYUdbOByGMCee5q1eWWUOM8BIH04Si6VndEHjQVdHqshAtNJk2Quzs6WC 2DkV0vysOhBSvFZuLZvtCmXRQfYGTGhZqGwq/AAmFbt5WNLQtDrEe0ErveEKBfaz+ IJ35zhaj+dun71YZ82b/CRfO6fSSt8VXeJuvdqUuVPWqjgJD4n9mgZpZFGBaDdPiw pfbVZHzcHrumFJeFHWXH64a+c5GN+TWlP8NPg2zFdEc/joMymBiRelq236WGm5VvV 9a22RW2/yLmaU/uwf9v40yGR/I1NRA==: The corresponding signature metadata derived from this header field is: Property Value Algorithm hs2019, using RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 Covered Content *created Creation Time 8:51:35 PM GMT, June 7th, 2014 Expiration Time Undefined Verification Key Material The public key specified in . The corresponding Signature Input is:

*created: 1402170695

This presents a minimal Signature-Input and Signature header for a signature using the rsa-sha256 algorithm:

Signature: sig1=(date); alg=rsa-sha256; keyId="test-key-b" Signature: sig1=:HtXycCl97RBVkZi66ADKnC9c5eSSlb57GnQ4KFqNZplOpNfxqk62 JzZ484jXgLvoOTRaKfR4hwyxlcyb+BWkVasApQovBSdit9Ml/YmN2IvJDPncrlhPD VDv36Z9/DiSO+RNHD7iLXugdXo1+MGRimW1RmYdenl/ITeb7rjfLZ4b9VNnLFtVWw rjhAiwIqeLjodVImzVc5srrk19HMZNuUejK6I3/MyN3+3U8tIRW4LWzx6ZgGZUaEE P0aBlBkt7Fj0Tt5/P5HNW/Sa/m8smxbOHnwzAJDa10PyjzdIbywlnWIIWtZKPPsoV oKVopUWEU3TNhpWmaVhFrUL/O6SN3w==: The corresponding signature metadata derived from this header field is: Property Value Algorithm rsa-sha256 Covered Content date Creation Time Undefined Expiration Time Undefined Verification Key Material The public key specified in . The corresponding Signature Input is:

date: Tue, 07 Jun 2014 20:51:35 GMT

RFC EDITOR: please remove this section before publication The draft has known issues that will need to be addressed during development, and these issues have been enumerated but not addressed in this version. Topics are not listed in any particular order.

The current draft encourages determining the Algorithm metadata property from the keyId field, both in the guidance for the use of algorithm and keyId, and the definition for the hs2019 algorithm and deprecation of the other algorithms in the registry. The current state arose from concern that a malicious party could change the value of the algorithm parameter, potentially tricking the verifier into accepting a signature that would not have been verified under the actual parameter. Punting algorithm identification into keyId hurts interoperability, since we aren't defining the syntax or semantics of keyId. It actually goes against that claim, as we are dictating that the signing algorithm must be specified by keyId or derivable from it. It also renders the algorithm registry essentially useless. Instead of this approach, we can protect against manipulation of the Signature header field by adding support for (and possibly mandating) including Signature metadata within the Signature Input.

The current text leaves the format and semantics of keyId completely up to the implementation. This is primarily due to the fact that most implementers of Cavage have extensive investment in key distribution and management, and just need to plug an identifier into the header. We should support those cases, but we also need to provide guidance for the developer that doesn't have that and just wants to know how to identify a key. It may be enough to punt this to profiling specs, but this needs to be explored more.

already defines an IANA registry for cryptographic algorithms. This wasn't used by Cavage out of concerns about complexity of JOSE, and issues with JWE and JWS being too flexible, leading to insecure combinations of options. Using JWA's definitions does not need to mean we're using JOSE, however. We should look at if/how we can leverage JWA's work without introducing too many sharp edges for implementers. In any use of JWS algorithms, this spec would define a way to create the JWS Signing Input string to be applied to the algorithm. It should be noted that this is incompatible with JWS itself, which requires the inclusion of a structured header in the signature input. A possible approach is to incorporate all elements of the JWA signature algorithm registry into this spec using a prefix or other marker, such as jws-RS256 for the RSA 256 JSON Web Signature algorithm.

The initial entries in this document reflect those in Cavage. The ones that are marked deprecated were done so because of the issue explained in , with the possible exception of rsa-sha1. We should probably just remove that one.

See: issue #26 The canonicalization rules for *request-target do not perform handle minor, semantically meaningless differences in percent-encoding, such that verification could fail if an intermediary normalizes the effective request URI prior to forwarding the message. At a minimum, they should be case and percent-encoding normalized as described in sections 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2 of .

The Covered Content list contains identifiers for more than just headers, so the header parameter name is no longer appropriate. Some alternatives: "content", "signed-content", "covered-content".

Some header field values contain RWS, OWS, and/or BWS. Since the header field value canonicalization rules do not address whitespace, changes to it (e.g., removing OWS or BWS or replacing strings of RWS with a single space) can cause verification to fail.

The Set-Cookie header can occur multiple times but does not adhere to the list syntax, and thus is not well supported by the header field value concatenation rules.

The Covered Content list should be part of the Signature Input, to protect against malicious changes.

The Algorithm should be part of the Signature Input, to protect against malicious changes.

The Verification key identifier (e.g., the value used for the keyId parameter) should be part of the Signature Input, to protect against malicious changes.

The definitions for Integer String and Decimal String do not specify a maximum value. The definition for Decimal String (used to provide sub-second precision for Expiration Time) does not define minimum or maximum precision requirements. It should set a sane requirement here (e.g., MUST support up to 3 decimal places and no more).

The keyId parameter value needs to be constrained so as to not break list syntax (e.g., by containing a comma).

The processing instructions for Creation Time and Expiration Time imply that verifiers are not permitted to account for clock skew during signature verification.

The current text allows mixed-case header field names when they are being used as content identifiers. This is unnecessary, as header field names are case-insensitive, and creates opportunity for incompatibility. Instead, content identifiers should always be lowercase.

The draft is missing guidance on if/how the Date header relates to signature Creation Time. There are cases where they may be different, such as if a signature was pre-created. Should Creation Time default to the value in the Date header if the created parameter is not specified?

The rules that restrict when the signer can or must include certain identifiers appear to be related to the pseudo-revving of the Cavage draft that happened when the hs2019 algorithm was introduced. We should drop these rules, as it can be expected that anyone implementing this draft will support all content identifiers.

The draft should provide guidance on how to sign headers when is used. This guidance might be as simple as "sign the uncompressed header field value."

Intermediaries are permitted to strip comments from the Via header field value, and consolidate related sequences of entries. The canonicalization rules do not account for these changes, and thus they cause signature verification to fail if the Via header is signed. At the very least, guidance on signing or not signing Via headers needs to be included.

Some header field values are case-insensitive, in whole or in part. The canonicalization rules do not account for this, thus a case change to a covered header field value causes verification to fail.

Add more examples showing different cases e.g, where created or expires are not present.

In many cases, putting the expiration of the signature into the hands of the signer opens up more options for failures than necessary. Instead of the expires, any verifier can use the created field and an internal lifetime or offset to calculate expiration. We should consider dropping the expires field.

It should be possible to independently include the following content and metadata properties in Covered Content: The signature's Algorithm The signature's Covered Content The value used for the keyId parameter Request method Individual components of the effective request URI: scheme, authority, path, query Status code Request body (currently supported via Digest header )

(( Editor's note: I believe this use case is theoretical. Please let me know if this is a use case you have. )) There may be scenarios where attaching multiple signatures to a single message is useful: A gateway attaches a signature over headers it adds (e.g., Forwarded) to messages already signed by the user agent. A signer attaches two signatures signed by different keys, to be verified by different entities. This could be addressed by changing the Signature header syntax to accept a list of parameter sets for a single signature, e.g., by separating parameters with ";" instead of ",". It may also be necessary to include a signature identifier parameter.

(( Editor's note: I believe this use case is theoretical. Please let me know if this is a use case you have. )) Currently, signing a header field value is all-or-nothing: either the entire value is signed, or none of it is. For header fields that use list syntax, it would be useful to be able to specify which items in the list are signed. A simple approach that allowed the signer to indicate the list size at signing time would allow a signer to sign header fields that are may be appended to by intermediaries as the message makes its way to the recipient. Specifying list size in terms of number of items could introduce risks of list syntax is not strictly adhered to (e.g., a malicious party crafts a value that gets parsed by the application as 5 items, but by the verifier as 4). Specifying list size in number of octets might address this, but more exploration is required.

In some cases, the authority of the effective request URI may be expected to change, for example from "public-service-name.example.com" to "service-host-1.public-service-name.example.com". This is commonly the case for services that are hosted behind a load-balancing gateway, where the client sends requests to a publicly known domain name for the service, and these requests are transformed by the gateway into requests to specific hosts in the service fleet. One possible way to handle this would be to special-case the Host header field to allow verifier to substitute a known expected value, or a value provided in another header field (e.g., Via) when generating the Signature Input, provided that the verifier also recognizes the real value in the Host header. Alternatively, this logic could apply to an (audience) content identifier.

A signer may only wish to sign one or a few cookies, for example if the website requires its authentication state cookie to be signed, but also sets other cookies (e.g., for analytics, ad tracking, etc.)

This specification is based on the draft-cavage-http-signatures draft. The editor would like to thank the authors of that draft, Mark Cavage and Manu Sporny, for their work on that draft and their continuing contributions. The editor would also like to thank the following individuals for feedback on and implementations of the draft-cavage-http-signatures draft (in alphabetical order): Mark Adamcin, Mark Allen, Paul Annesley, Karl Böhlmark, Stéphane Bortzmeyer, Sarven Capadisli, Liam Dennehy, ductm54, Stephen Farrell, Phillip Hallam-Baker, Eric Holmes, Andrey Kislyuk, Adam Knight, Dave Lehn, Dave Longley, James H. Manger, Ilari Liusvaara, Mark Nottingham, Yoav Nir, Adrian Palmer, Lucas Pardue, Roberto Polli, Julian Reschke, Michael Richardson, Wojciech Rygielski, Adam Scarr, Cory J. Slep, Dirk Stein, Henry Story, Lukasz Szewc, Chris Webber, and Jeffrey Yasskin

RFC EDITOR: please remove this section before publication draft-ietf-httpbis-message-signatures Since -01 Replaced unstructured Signature header with Signature-Input and Signature Dictionary Structured Header Fields. Defined content identifiers for individual Dictionary members, e.g., x-dictionary-field:member-name. Defined content identifiers for first N members of a List, e.g., x-list-field:4. Fixed up examples. Updated introduction now that it's adopted. -01 Strengthened requirement for content identifiers for header fields to be lower-case (changed from SHOULD to MUST). Added real example values for Creation Time and Expiration Time. Minor editorial corrections and readability improvements. -00 Initialized from draft-richanna-http-message-signatures-00, following adoption by the working group. draft-richanna-http-message-signatures -00 Converted to xml2rfc v3 and reformatted to comply with RFC style guides. Removed Signature auth-scheme definition and related content. Removed conflicting normative requirements for use of algorithm parameter. Now MUST NOT be relied upon. Removed Extensions appendix. Rewrote abstract and introduction to explain context and need, and challenges inherent in signing HTTP messages. Rewrote and heavily expanded algorithm definition, retaining normative requirements. Added definitions for key terms, referenced RFC 7230 for HTTP terms. Added examples for canonicalization and signature generation steps. Rewrote Signature header definition, retaining normative requirements. Added default values for algorithm and expires parameters. Rewrote HTTP Signature Algorithms registry definition. Added change control policy and registry template. Removed suggested URI. Added IANA HTTP Signature Parameter registry. Added additional normative and informative references. Added Topics for Working Group Discussion section, to be removed prior to publication as an RFC.